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References: Centrifugal and Axial Impeller Types

  1. Impeller - Wikipedia - General overview of impellers, their blades, shrouds and hubs in pumps and fans. A good companion to this chapter's naming of impeller parts.

  2. Centrifugal fan - Wikipedia - Compares backward inclined, forward curved and radial blade centrifugal fans, including their power characteristics. Supports the chapter's discussion of overloading and non-overloading curves.

  3. Rotating unbalance - Wikipedia - Explains how an off-center mass on a rotor produces a force that grows with the square of speed. The physics behind the chapter's impeller balancing section.

  4. Fans: Design and Operation of Centrifugal, Axial-Flow and Cross-Flow Fans - Bruno Eck - Pergamon Press - Eck's classic text explains fan behavior from the blade outward, relating blade shape and angle to pressure and flow for centrifugal and axial impellers.

  5. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery - S. L. Dixon and C. A. Hall - Butterworth-Heinemann - Widely used for its clear velocity-triangle treatment, which shows why forward, radial and backward blade angles change the pressure an impeller develops.

  6. FanPedia: The Fan & Blower Encyclopedia (PDF) - Twin City Fan - Source for the impeller drawings (pp. 31-35), axial airflow and hub position pages (pp. 36-43), hub types (pp. 44-45) and back plate fins cited in this chapter.

  7. FanPedia online - Twin City Fan - Online edition of FanPedia, including the fan components section on impellers and hubs. Useful for checking impeller and airflow-code terminology.

  8. AMCA Publications - Air Movement and Control Association - Lists AMCA Standard 204, Balance Quality and Vibration Levels for Fans, the standard the chapter cites for assigning balance grades by fan application category.

  9. Axial Fans - Twin City Fan - Current catalog page for tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans, including adjustable pitch models such as TCVX. Shows how the axial impeller types in this chapter appear as products.

  10. Centrifugal Fans - Twin City Fan - Current catalog page listing SWSI and DWDI housed centrifugal fans with backward inclined, backward curved, airfoil and forward curved impellers, the types compared in this chapter.