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References: Impeller Construction and Material Handling

  1. Airfoil - Wikipedia - Explains airfoil shapes, flow separation and lift. Background for why airfoil impeller blades reach the highest efficiency of the centrifugal family in clean air.

  2. Wear - Wikipedia - Covers abrasive and erosive wear mechanisms. Helps explain why abrasive particulate destroys efficient curved blades and why rugged radial impellers are chosen for dirty airstreams.

  3. Baghouse - Wikipedia - Describes fabric filter dust collectors and their clean and dirty sides. Context for choosing a high efficiency fan for a baghouse's clean side and a radial fan where dust reaches the fan.

  4. Fans: Design and Operation of Centrifugal, Axial-Flow and Cross-Flow Fans - Bruno Eck - Pergamon Press - Eck connects blade form to performance across radial, backward and axial designs, making clear why each blade shape trades efficiency against other properties.

  5. Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice for Design - ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists - The standard design manual for exhaust and material conveying systems, known for its worked design plates; context for the dirty airstreams radial impellers must survive.

  6. FanPedia: The Fan & Blower Encyclopedia (PDF) - Twin City Fan - Source for the impeller drawings (pp. 31-35), DWDI housing (p. 61), Arrangement 3 DWDI temperature limit (p. 167) and hub variants (pp. 42-45) cited in this chapter.

  7. FanPedia online - Twin City Fan - Online edition of FanPedia, including the impeller and technical description sections. Useful for checking impeller type names against the radial models in the catalog.

  8. Radial Bladed Fans - Twin City Fan - Current catalog page for the RBO, RBR, RBW, RBP and RBA radial bladed fans, describing which impeller suits sticky, stringy, high-impact or relatively clean airstreams.

  9. Radial Tip & High Efficiency Fans - Twin City Fan - Current catalog page for the RTF and HRT radial tip fans and the HAF airfoil and HIB backward curved high efficiency fans compared in this chapter.

  10. Material Handling - Twin City Fan - Application page on fans that convey materials from paper dust to sand, selected by bulk density and particle size. Shows the jobs material handling impellers are built for.